Judiciary

Judiciary


 * Sandra Day O'Connor** was appointed to the Supreme Court on July 7, 1981 by Reagan. She was the first woman to be appointed to the Supreme Court. O'Connor was a strong conservative during her time on the Supreme Court. Some of the important cases during which O'Connor was the deciding vote were //Bush v. Gore, United States v. Lopez,// and //Boys Scouts of// //America// //v. Dale.// O’Connor retired on December 12, 2000.


 * William Rehnquist ** was appointed to the Chief Justice position in the Supreme Court on September 26, 1986 by Ronald Reagan. Rehnquist was a conservative throughout his career. During his career some of the major cases that Rehnquist dealt with were //Katzenbach v. Morgan, City of Boerne v.Flores,Romer v. Evans.//Rehnquist ended up dying during his term on September 3, 2005. Rehnquist’s death was due to his drug addiction to Placidyl a drug prescribed for insomnia.


 * Anthony Kennedy ** was appointed by Ronald Reagan on February 11, 1988 Kennedy is a conservative, and is said to be a major swing vote during 5-4 voting cases. One of the major cases in which Kennedy had a major voice was //Hodgson v. Minnesota// in which Kennedy upheld the restriction on abortion for minors. Other cases in which Kennedy was a prominent figure in determining the outcome were //Texas v. Johnson, Atkins v. Virginia,// and //Romer v. Evans.// Kennedy is still currently on the Supreme Court.


 * Antonin Scalia ** was appointed to the Supreme Court on September 26, 1986. Scalia is a very strong conservative. Scalia is known to get very emotional when he shares his viewpoints during cases. One particular case in which Scalia showed a great interest and belief in was 1988’s Morrison v. Olson. Other cases in which Scalia had a major voice in were //Mistretta v. United States, Printz v. United States,// and //Chisholm v. Georgia.// Currently Scalia is still a justice on the Supreme Court.


 * [[image:byron_white.jpg width="186" height="228" align="left" caption="http://www.supremecourthistory.org/history/images/079_white.jpg"]] Byron White** was appointed to the Supreme Court by John F. Kennedy on April 12, 1962. White was known to be a liberal. One of the major cases in which White was a standout were //Thompson v. Oklahoma// which dealt with the death penalty and //Richmond v. J.A Croson Co.// a case that dealt with affirmative action. White ended up retiring on June 28, 1993 and he died on April 15, 2002. Also before his career as a justice White was a running back in the NFL, and he was named to the NFL Hall of Fame in 1954.

**Thurgood Marshall** was appointed to the Supreme Court on August 30, 1967 by Lyndon B. Johnson. Marshall was a liberal. One of the major cases in which Marshall had a strong voice in was //Furman v.// //Georgia////.// Another major case in which Marshall had a major voice in was //Gregg v.// //Georgia////.// Marshall retired on October1, 1991 and died two years later on January 24, 1993.

**William Brennan** was appointed to the Supreme Court on October 15, 1956 by Dwight Eisenhower. Brennan was particularly known for being a strong liberal. Throughout his career Brennan was sort of isolated on the Supreme Court since he was one of the few strong liberals. Brennan was a major voice in the ruling for //Roe v. Wade//. Brennan ended up retiring on July 20, 1990 and he died on July 24, 1997.


 * Warren E. Burger** was appointed to the Chief Justice position on June 23, 1969 by Richard Nixon. Burger was known to be a major conservative. One of the major cases that Burger influenced during Reagan’s era was Bowers v. Hardwick in which Burger showed his opposition to gay rights by writing his famous concurring opinion. Burger retired on September 26, 1986 and he died on June 25, 1995.


 * Harry Blackmun** was appointed to the Supreme Court on May 14, 1970 by Richard Nixon. Blackmun was initially a conservative but he slowly faded towards being a liberal during his years. One of the major things that Blackmun is acknowledged for is being the author of //Roe v. Wade.// In 1989 Blackmun was known for his emotional approach on //DeShaney v. Winnebago County// when he rejected constitutional liability for the state of Wisconsin. Blackmun retired on August 3, 1994 and he died on March 4, 1999.

**Lewis Powell** was appointed to the Supreme Court on December 9, 1971 by Richard Nixon. Powell was known to have a moderate record in his choices. In 1986 Powell was the major swing vote in B//owers v. Hardwick// in which the court’s rulings upheld Georgia’s sodomy laws. Powell retired on June 26,1987 and he died on August 25, 1998.


 * John Paul Stevens** was appointed by Gerald Ford on December 17, 1975. Stevens is considered to be a strong liberal. One of the major cases that Stevens influenced was 1985’s //Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center// in which Stevens argued against the Supreme Court’s strict scrutiny doctrine for laws involving suspect classification. Stevens currently continues to serve as an associate justice on the Supreme Court.

Ideological Standing  During the time from 1985-1986 the Supreme Court was fairly moderate with four liberals, two moderates, and three conservatives. The Court’s Chief Justices, Warren Burger and William Rehnquist (after Burger retired in 1986), were conservative though. Since Rehnquist was considered the most conservative, the Court tended to lean more conservative after he was appointed Chief Justice.

Supreme Court Cases


 * **Case ** || **Docket No. ** || **Argued ** || **Decided ** || **Majority Author ** || **Vote ** ||
 * Papasan v. Allain || 85-499 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/22/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">07/07/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Byron R. White || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">University Of Tennessee v. Elliott || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-588 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/21/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">07/07/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Byron R. White || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-3 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1667 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/03/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">07/07/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Warren E. Burger || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">7-2 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Thompson || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-619 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/28/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">07/07/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">John Paul Stevens || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Bowsher v. Synar || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-1377 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/23/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">07/07/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Warren E. Burger || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">7-2 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Commodity Futures Trading Comm'n v. Schor || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-621 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/29/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">07/07/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Sandra Day O'Connor || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">7-2 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Arcara v. Cloud Books, Inc. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-437 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/29/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">07/07/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Warren E. Burger || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">United States v. James || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-434 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/21/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">07/02/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Lewis F. Powell, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Pennsylvania v. Del. Valley Citizens' Council || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-5 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/03/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">07/02/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Byron R. White || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Rose v. Clark || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1974 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/24/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">07/02/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Lewis F. Powell, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Randall v. Loftsgaarden || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-519 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/02/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">07/02/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Sandra Day O'Connor || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">8-1 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Local 28 v. EEOC || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1656 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">02/25/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">07/02/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">William J. Brennan, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Baker v. General Motors Corp. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-117 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/02/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">07/02/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">John Paul Stevens || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Firefighters v. Cleveland || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1999 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">02/25/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">07/02/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">William J. Brennan, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Library Of Congress v. Shaw || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-54 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">02/24/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">07/01/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Harry A. Blackmun || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Bazemore v. Friday || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-93 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/22/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">07/01/1986 ||  || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Posadas de Puerto Rico Ass. v. Tourism Co. of PR || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1903 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/28/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">07/01/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">William H. Rehnquist || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Allen v. Illinois || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-5404 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/30/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">07/01/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">William H. Rehnquist || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Bowers v. Hardwick || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-140 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/31/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/30/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Byron R. White || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Thornburg v. Gingles || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">83-1968 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">12/04/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/30/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">William J. Brennan, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Press-Enterprise Co. v. Superior Court || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1560 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">02/26/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/30/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Warren E. Burger || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">7-2 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Davis v. Bandemer || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1244 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">10/07/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/30/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Byron R. White || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Japan Whaling Assn. v. American Cetacean Soc. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-954 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/30/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/30/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Byron R. White || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">New Mexico v. Earnest || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-162 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/01/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/27/1986 ||  || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Ohio Civil Rights Comm'n v. Dayton Schools || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-488 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/26/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/27/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">William H. Rehnquist || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Department Of Transp. v. Paralyzed Veterans || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-289 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/26/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/27/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Lewis F. Powell, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Lyng v. Castillo || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-250 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/29/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/27/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">John Paul Stevens || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Riverside v. Rivera || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-224 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/31/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/27/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">William J. Brennan, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Department Of Treasury v. Galioto || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1904 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/26/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/26/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Warren E. Burger || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Murray v. Carrier || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1554 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">01/21/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/26/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Sandra Day O'Connor || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">7-2 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Smith v. Murray || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-5487 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/04/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/26/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Sandra Day O'Connor || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Ford v. Wainwright || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-5542 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/22/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/26/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Thurgood Marshall || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Kuhlmann v. Wilson || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1479 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">01/14/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/26/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Lewis F. Powell, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Kimmelman v. Morrison || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1661 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/05/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/26/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">William J. Brennan, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Macdonald, Sommer & Frates v. Yolo County || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-2015 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/26/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/25/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">John Paul Stevens || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Automobile Workers v. Brock || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1777 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/25/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/25/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Thurgood Marshall || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Celotex Corp. v. Catrett || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-198 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/01/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/25/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">William H. Rehnquist || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1602 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">12/03/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/25/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Byron R. White || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Memphis Community School Dist. v. Stachura || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-410 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/02/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/25/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Lewis F. Powell, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Maine v. Taylor || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-62 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/24/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/24/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Harry A. Blackmun || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">8-1 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Darden v. Wainwright || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-5319 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">01/13/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/23/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Lewis F. Powell, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Offshore Logistics, Inc. v. Tallentire || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-202 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">02/24/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/23/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Sandra Day O'Connor || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Atkins v. Rivera || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-632 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/21/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/23/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Harry A. Blackmun || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">United States v. American Bar Endowment || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-599 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/28/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/23/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Thurgood Marshall || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">6-1 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Bowen v. Agencies Opposed To Soc. Sec. Entrap. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-521 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/28/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/19/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Lewis F. Powell, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1979 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/25/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/19/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">William H. Rehnquist || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Mcmillan v. Pennsylvania || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-215 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/04/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/19/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">William H. Rehnquist || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Schiavone v. Fortune || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1839 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">02/26/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/18/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Harry A. Blackmun || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Wardair Canada v. Florida Dept. Of Revenue || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-902 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/31/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/18/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">William J. Brennan, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">8-1 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Attorney General Of N. Y. v. Soto-Lopez || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1803 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">01/15/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/17/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">William J. Brennan, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Nantahala Power & Light v. Thornburg || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-568 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/21/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/16/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Sandra Day O'Connor || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">7-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Three Affiliated Tribes v. Wold Engineering || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1973 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/24/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/16/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Sandra Day O'Connor || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Lyng v. Payne || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1948 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/24/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/16/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Sandra Day O'Connor || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">8-1 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Young v. Community Nutrition Institute || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-664 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/30/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/16/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Sandra Day O'Connor || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">8-1 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">East River Steamship Corp. v. Transamerica Delaval Inc. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1726 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">01/21/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/16/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Harry A. Blackmun || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">United States v. Dion || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-246 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/25/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/11/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Thurgood Marshall || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Bowen v. Roy || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-780 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">01/14/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/11/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Warren E. Burger || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">8-1 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">United States v. Mottaz || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-546 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/22/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/11/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Harry A. Blackmun || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Thornburgh v. Amer. Coll. of Obst. & Gyn. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-495 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">11/05/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/11/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Harry A. Blackmun || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Reed v. Campbell || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-755 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/30/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/11/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">John Paul Stevens || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Bowen v. Mich. Academy Of Family Physicians || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-225 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">01/22/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/09/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">John Paul Stevens || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">8-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Crane v. Kentucky || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-5238 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/23/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/09/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Sandra Day O'Connor || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Bowen v. American Hospital Assn. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1529 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">01/15/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/09/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">John Paul Stevens || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-3 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">United States v. Hughes Properties, Inc. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-554 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/23/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/03/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Harry A. Blackmun || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">7-2 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Lee v. Illinois || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-6807 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">12/09/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/03/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">William J. Brennan, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Brown-Forman Distillers v. N. Y. Liquor Auth. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-2030 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/03/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/03/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Thurgood Marshall || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-3 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">United States v. Hemme || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1944 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/05/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/03/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Thurgood Marshall || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Los Angeles v. Preferred Communications, Inc. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-390 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/29/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/02/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">William H. Rehnquist || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Ftc v. Indiana Federation Of Dentists || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1809 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/25/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/02/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Byron R. White || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-782 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">12/12/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/02/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">John Paul Stevens || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Bowen v. City Of New York || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1923 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">02/26/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">06/02/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Lewis F. Powell, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Longshoremen v. Davis || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-217 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">02/25/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">05/27/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Byron R. White || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Louisiana Public Service Comm'n v. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-871 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">01/13/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">05/27/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">William J. Brennan, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-2 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">FDIC v. Philadelphia Gear || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1972 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/04/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">05/27/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Sandra Day O'Connor || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Square D Co. v. Niagara Frontier Tariff Bur. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-21 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/03/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">05/27/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">John Paul Stevens || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">8-1 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Public Service Comm'n v. C. & P. Tel. Co. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1362 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">01/13/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">05/27/1986 ||  || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">7-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Henderson v. United States || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1744 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/01/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">05/19/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Lewis F. Powell, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Brock v. Pierce County || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-385 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/01/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">05/19/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Thurgood Marshall || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">California v. Ciraolo || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1513 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">12/10/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">05/19/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Warren E. Burger || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Bowen v. Owens || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1905 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">02/26/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">05/19/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Lewis F. Powell, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Dow Chemical Co. v. United States || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1259 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">12/10/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">05/19/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Warren E. Burger || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Private Truck Council Of America, Inc. v. Quinn || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-1423 ||  || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">05/19/1986 ||   || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">6-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1340 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">11/06/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">05/19/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Lewis F. Powell, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Lockhart v. McCree || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1865 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">01/13/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">05/05/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">William H. Rehnquist || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Smalis v. Pennsylvania || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-227 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/02/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">05/05/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Byron R. White || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Poland v. Arizona || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-5023 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">02/24/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">05/05/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Byron R. White || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Diamond v. Charles || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1379 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">11/05/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/30/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Harry A. Blackmun || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Batson v. Kentucky || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-6263 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">12/12/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/30/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Lewis F. Powell, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">7-2 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Turner v. Murray || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-6646 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">12/12/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/30/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Byron R. White || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">7-2 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Skipper v. South Carolina || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-6859 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">02/24/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/29/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Byron R. White || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">McLaughlin v. United States || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-5189 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/31/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/29/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">John Paul Stevens || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">EEOC v. FLRA || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1728 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">01/22/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/29/1986 ||  || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">7-1 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">United States v. American College of Physicians || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1737 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">01/21/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/22/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Thurgood Marshall || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Sorenson v. Secretary Of Treasury || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1686 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">01/15/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/22/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Harry A. Blackmun || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">8-1 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">New York v. P. J. Video, Inc. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-363 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/04/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/22/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">William H. Rehnquist || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Aetna Life Insurance Co. v. Lavoie || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1601 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">12/04/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/22/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Warren E. Burger || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">8-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Evans v. Jeff D. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1288 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">11/13/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/21/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">John Paul Stevens || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Philadelphia Newspapers Inc. v. Hepps || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1491 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">12/03/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/21/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Sandra Day O'Connor || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Icicle Seafoods, Inc. v. Worthington || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-195 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">02/25/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/21/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">William H. Rehnquist || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">8-1 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">United States v. Quinn || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1717 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/05/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/21/1986 ||  || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">7-2 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">United States v. City of Fulton || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1725 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">01/21/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/07/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Thurgood Marshall || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">At&T Technologies v. Communications Workers || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1913 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">01/22/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/07/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Byron R. White || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Delaware v. Van Arsdall || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1279 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">01/22/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/07/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">William H. Rehnquist || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">7-2 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Michigan v. Jackson || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1531 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">12/09/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/01/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">John Paul Stevens || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Golden State Transit Corp. v. Los Angeles || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1644 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">12/04/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">04/01/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Harry A. Blackmun || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">8-1 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Bender v. Williamsport Area School Dist. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-773 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">10/15/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/25/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">John Paul Stevens || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Holbrook v. Flynn || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1606 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">01/14/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/25/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Thurgood Marshall || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Paulussen v. Herion || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">85-88 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/05/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/25/1986 ||  || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Pembaur v. Cincinnati || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1160 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">12/02/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/25/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">William J. Brennan, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Goldman v. Weinberger || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1097 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">01/14/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/25/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">William H. Rehnquist || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Matsushita Elec. Industrial Co. v. Zenith Radio || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">83-2004 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">11/12/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/25/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Lewis F. Powell, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">United States v. Inadi || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1580 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">12/03/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/10/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Lewis F. Powell, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">7-2 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Moran v. Burbine || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1485 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">11/13/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/10/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Sandra Day O'Connor || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Exxon Corp. v. Hunt || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-978 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">12/09/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/10/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Thurgood Marshall || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">7-1 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Malley v. Briggs || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1586 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">11/13/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/05/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Byron R. White || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">7-2 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Whitley v. Albers || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1077 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">12/10/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">03/04/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Sandra Day O'Connor || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Wisconsin Dept. Of Industry v. Gould Inc. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1484 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">12/09/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">02/26/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Harry A. Blackmun || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Teachers v. Hudson || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1503 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">12/02/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">02/26/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">John Paul Stevens || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Morris v. Mathews || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1636 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">11/04/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">02/26/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Byron R. White || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">7-2 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Connolly v. Pension Benefit Guaranty Corp. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1555 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">12/02/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">02/26/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Byron R. White || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Nix v. Whiteside || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1321 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">11/05/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">02/26/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Warren E. Burger || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Fisher v. Berkeley || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1538 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">11/12/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">02/26/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Thurgood Marshall || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">8-1 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Texas v. Mccullough || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1198 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">12/10/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">02/26/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Warren E. Burger || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">6-3 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">NLRB v. Financial Institution Employees || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1493 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">12/04/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">02/26/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">William J. Brennan, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">United States v. Maine || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">35 ORIG || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">12/12/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">02/25/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">John Paul Stevens || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">8-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">United States v. Mechanik || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1640 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">12/02/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">02/25/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">William H. Rehnquist || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">8-1 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">New York v. Class || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1181 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">11/04/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">02/25/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Sandra Day O'Connor || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">United States v. Koecher || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1922 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">01/15/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">02/25/1986 ||  || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Pacific Gas & Elec. Co. v. Public Util. Comm'n || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1044 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">10/08/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">02/25/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Lewis F. Powell, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-3 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Renton v. Playtime Theatres Inc. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1360 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">11/12/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">02/25/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">William H. Rehnquist || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">7-2 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">United States v. Lane || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-744 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">10/09/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">01/27/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Warren E. Burger || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Witters v. Wash. Dept. Of Services For Blind || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1070 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">11/06/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">01/27/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Thurgood Marshall || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Midlantic Nat. Bank v. N. J. Dept. Of E. P. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-801 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">10/16/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">01/27/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Lewis F. Powell, Jr. || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-4 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Parsons Steel, Inc. v. First Alabama Bank || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1616 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">12/03/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">01/27/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">William H. Rehnquist || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">9-0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Cabana v. Bullock || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">84-1236 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">11/05/1985 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">01/22/1986 || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Byron R. White || <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5-4 ||

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 190%;">Pivotal Supreme Court Cases
 * **//Bowen v. Roy//** was a case that dealt with freedom of religion and its limits. The plaintiffs were Native American parents who filed for federal assistance under the welfare program. After applying for the welfare the parents refused to provide their social security numbers because they claimed it violated their religious beliefs. The final ruling on the case ended up being that Social Security Numbers did not interfere with religious beliefs since it was only a sense of identity in the U.S.


 * **//California//** **//v. Ciraolo//** was a case that dealt with the fourth amendment. Plaintiff Dante Ciraolo grew marijuana in his backyard which was surrounded by high fences. After authorities got a tip they flew an airplane over his house so that they could photograph Ciraolo’s backyard from aerial view. The Supreme Court ended the case on the note that authorities did not violate the Fourth Amendment since it was a naked eye from the sky that viewed Ciraolo’s backyard.


 * **//Goldman v. Weinberger//** was a case in which a Jewish Air Force Officer was forced to remove his yarmulke since it violated the rule of no headgear being worn indoors. The Supreme Court denied Goldman the right to wear the yarmulke because the Free Exercise Clause applied less strictly to those in the military than everyday citizens.


 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Case || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Summary || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Outcome ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Case on whether Congress, under the Commerce Clause of the Constitution, had the authority to expand the Fair Labor Standards Act to state and local governments. || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Court declared Congress does have power to make state governments require that employers provide minimum wage. ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Case on whether employees had the right to a hearing before being terminated from their job. || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Court declared they did have the right and a hearing and letter must be given before termination. ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Dowling v. United States || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Case on whether copies of copyrighted work could be considered theft. || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Court ruled copies of copyrighted work could not be claimed stolen property. ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc. || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Case on discrimination against mentally retarded. || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Court ruled there was a case of prejudice against mentally retarded. ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Heath v. Alabama || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Case on whether two states could charge a victim for the same crime. || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Court ruled that, under the double jeopardy clause of the Fifth Amendment, they could. ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Case on whether certain forms of sexual harassment exist in the workplace. || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Court ruled sex discrimination under the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Title VII. ||

Branch Interaction <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">As a conservative, Reagan was annoyed by the Supreme Court’s judicial activism in the 1960s and 1970s. He favored judicial restraint in which the justices decided cases by referring to the Constitution as written law. To change the style of the Court, Reagan appointed a woman, Sandra Day O’Connor. Also, when Chief Justice Warren Burger retired in 1986, he appointed the most conservative justice, William Rehnquist, as the new Chief Justice and conservative Antonin Scalia as a Justice. Through these appointments Reagan tried to change the Court’s earlier support for judicial activism to his support of judicial restraint. With Reagan’s appointments, the Supreme Court aligned along similar conservative party lines as the Senate. Republicans in Congress gained such successes by riding Reagan’s band wagon of popularity. The House of Representatives remained democratic, however, and related more to the activism of the Court before Reagan’s appointments.

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